Bruce J. Summers is a consultant in the financial markets group of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Summers was a career official with the Federal Reserve System until his retirement in 2007. He served as a Reserve Bank economist, banking supervisor, and chief financial officer, then most recently as director of the national organization responsible for the Fed’s IT architecture and technology operations. He was also national product manager for Fedwire and ACH, and deputy director at the Board of Governors for payment system policy and oversight of the banking services and IT activities of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks. Summers has contributed to the international initiatives of central banks through the Bank for International Settlements, and to the work of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. He now consults on payment systems and technology management.